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Uda River (Khabarovsk Krai)
Uda ((ロシア語:У́да),〔F.L. Ageenko and M.V. Zarva, ''Slovar udarenii'' (Moscow: Russkii yazyk, 1984), p. 762.〕〔E.M. Pospelov, ''Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira'' (Moscow: Russkie slovari, 1998), p. 429.〕 ) is a river in Khabarovsk Krai, in the Russian Far East. It flows into the Sea of Okhotsk near the small town Chumikan. It rises south of the eastern Stanovoy Mountains and flows east, receiving tributaries from the Stanovoys. At the east end of the Stanovoys it receives a "Maya River" (not the other Maya River) from the high country to the northwest and flows about into Uda Bay at the southwest corner of the Sea of Okhotsk near the Shantar Islands.
From the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) to the Treaty of Aigun (1859) its lower course was officially part of the border between Russia and China, although the border was not clearly marked and the area rarely visited. Some of Ivan Moskvitin's men reached the Uda in 1640. The local Lamuts told them of the Zeya River and the Amur River but would not guide them inland. In 1684 some Cossacks fled from the Manchus on the Zeya River, reached Udsk, and went up the Maya River to Yakutsk.
Udsk Ostrog (fort) was founded in 1679,〔John J Stephen, "The Russian Far East",1994,age 27〕 or 1659 〔 Robert J Kerner, "The Urge to the Sea", 1942,page 80〕 on the left bank of the river upstream. There were suggestions to move Okhotsk south to Udsk but this was rejected because of the poor harbor and the proximity of the Chinese border. There were generally about 10 peasant families around the fort trying to produce grain and a few thin cattle, but results were poor. Sometimes seed corn had to be imported. A pood of rye flour that cost half a ruble at Irkutsk cost 8 to 10 rubles at Udsk. The population was 30 in 1690, 200 in 1800 and 164 in 1865.
Yakutsk-Udsk Track: This was an ill-defined route used to supply Udsk from Yakutsk. It was open from April to October but there was some winter travel. Its length was estimated at . It crossed the Amga River at Amginsk, the Aldan River at Kompaneisk and the Uchur River at Uchur Crossing. Pack horses were usually left at Udsk as food for sled dogs or people while the Yakut drivers returned to Yakutsk on foot or skis. In 1750 all the pack horses perished in deep snow resulting in starvation. In 1788 more than 100 horses drowned during the spring snowmelt.〔James R Gipson, "Feeding the Russian Fur Trade",1969〕
== Notes ==
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